A Guide to Understanding Appellate Court Functions
This blog post explains the critical role of the courts of appeals, also known as appellate courts, in the U.S. legal system, detailing their jurisdiction, the types of cases they review, and the process of filing an appeal.
Understanding the Court of Appeals
Navigating the legal system can be a complex journey, especially when a case progresses beyond the initial trial. For many, the concept of a “court of appeals” remains a bit of a mystery. However, these courts are a cornerstone of both the federal and state judicial systems, serving as a crucial second tier after trial courts.
Unlike trial courts, which focus on presenting evidence and hearing witness testimony to determine the facts of a case, appellate courts have a very different, and very specific, function. Their purpose is not to retry a case, but to review the decisions of lower courts to ensure that the law was applied correctly and that the trial proceedings were fair. This article will demystify the court of appeals, shedding light on its purpose, structure, and the vital role it plays in upholding the rule of law.
What is the Court of Appeals?
At its core, an appellate court, or court of appeals, is a higher court that hears and reviews appeals from legal cases that have already been heard and ruled on in a lower court. In the federal system, the U.S. courts of appeals are also referred to as “circuit courts”. There are 13 federal appellate courts—12 regional circuit courts and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Each state also has its own appellate court system, which can include intermediate appellate courts.
The key distinction of an appellate court is that it does not use a jury. Instead, a panel of judges reviews the case. This review is based on the record from the trial court, including transcripts of testimony and evidence, as well as written arguments submitted by the parties, known as appellate briefs.
What is an Appellate Brief?
An appellate brief is a written argument filed by a party to an appeal. It explains why the reviewing court should either affirm or reverse the lower court’s judgment, based on legal precedent and citations to controlling cases or statutory law. The party appealing the decision (the “appellant”) files their brief first, followed by the responding party (the “appellee”).
Types of Cases Reviewed by Appellate Courts
The jurisdiction of courts of appeals is strictly limited to reviewing legal errors, not factual ones. They are not concerned with whether the jury or judge in the trial court made the correct factual findings, but rather if the law was applied correctly and the legal procedures were fair.
Federal vs. State Appellate Courts
It is important to understand the difference between the cases heard by federal and state courts of appeals. The U.S. has a system of “dual sovereignty,” meaning both the federal government and each of the 50 states have their own laws and court systems.
| Jurisdiction | Types of Cases |
|---|---|
| Federal Courts of Appeals | Cases involving federal law, the U.S. Constitution, disputes between states, bankruptcy, maritime law, and other specific areas. |
| State Courts of Appeals | A broader range of cases governed by state law, including most criminal cases, family law disputes (such as divorce and child custody), and real estate litigation. |
Pro Tip: The Role of Precedent
Decisions by a federal court of appeals are binding on the lower federal courts within its specific geographic circuit. Similarly, a decision by a state’s highest court is binding on all lower courts within that state. This principle, known as stare decisis, ensures consistency and predictability in the legal system.
The Appellate Process
The journey to the court of appeals begins after a final judgment is made in the trial court. The losing party, referred to as the appellant, can file a Notice of Appeal. This initiates the process of appellate review. The appellant and the opposing party (the appellee) then submit their written appellate briefs, which lay out their legal arguments.
After the briefs are filed, the court may schedule an oral argument, where legal experts for both sides present their case directly to the panel of judges and answer their questions. The judges then deliberate and issue a written opinion that either affirms the lower court’s decision, reverses it, or in some cases, remands (sends back) the case for further action.
Case in Focus: The Path to Appeal
Consider a civil case where a contract dispute leads to a trial. The trial court rules in favor of the plaintiff. The defendant, believing the judge misinterpreted a key point of law, decides to appeal. They would file a notice of appeal, and then their legal expert would draft an appellate brief arguing for the reversal of the judgment based on the alleged legal error. The appellate court would review this argument and the trial record to make its decision.
Summary: Key Takeaways on Courts of Appeals
- Courts of appeals do not conduct new trials or hear witness testimony; they review the trial record for legal errors.
- They operate without a jury and rely on a panel of judges to make decisions.
- Their jurisdiction is limited to reviewing whether the law was applied correctly in the lower court.
- The process involves filing a notice of appeal and submitting written appellate briefs.
- Federal and state appellate courts hear different types of cases based on whether the legal issue is governed by federal or state law.
The court of appeals plays an essential role in the U.S. legal system by acting as a check on trial court decisions. It ensures that legal principles are upheld and consistently applied, providing an avenue for redress when a procedural or legal error may have occurred. Understanding this function is key to comprehending the full scope of our judicial process.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
A: No. Appellate courts only review the record from the original trial. They do not hear new evidence or testimony.
A: Yes, the U.S. Supreme Court is the highest appellate court in the federal system. It has the ultimate appellate jurisdiction over cases from the federal circuit courts and state supreme courts on issues of federal law.
A: The duration of an appeal can vary significantly depending on the complexity of the case, the court’s caseload, and the specific jurisdiction’s rules. It can take anywhere from several months to a year or more.
A: Federal appellate judges are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, serving during good behavior, typically for life. State court judges are selected through various methods, including election or appointment.
Disclaimer: This blog post is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. The content is generated by an AI assistant and should not be used as a substitute for professional legal consultation. For specific legal issues, please consult with a qualified legal expert.
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